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Thursday, May 8, 2014

Literature Report: “Astronomers Estimate That at Least 100 Billion Planets Populate The Galaxy". The California Institute of Technology and The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Space Telescope Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University Tuesday January 17, 2012


1.)  What are the articles about? 
The number of planets in the Milky Way Galaxy

2.)  What information in the articles is particularly noteworthy?

“There’s at least 100 billion planets in the galaxy.” 
-John Johnson, Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Astronomy; Assistant Professor of Astronomy, California Institute of technology; Researcher, National Aeronautics and space Administration Exoplanet Science Research Institute

Teams of astronomers have estimated that there is roughly one planet per star:
“Our galaxy contains a minimum of one planet for every star on average.” 

–Kailash Chandra Sahu, Associate Astronomer, Space Telescope Science Institute 
Astronomers calculated that there is, on average, one planet for every one of the approximately 100 billion stars in the galaxy, and many of them could harbor life. The Milky Way has a lot of worlds: At least one for every star, and at least one Earth-like one for every six stars. 
“Basically, there’s one of these planets per star…There are more planets out there than stars we can see.” 
-Jonathan Swift, Postdoctoral Researcher, California Institute of Technology

A more accurate estimate that includes data from other analyses could lead to an average of two planets per star. The conditions under which planets form make it likely that most systems have more than one per star. There is likely to be a minimum of 1,500 planets within just 50 lightyears of Earth.
“There are more small planets than large ones.” 
-Stephen Kane, Assistant Professor, San Francisco State University Department of Physics and Astronomy; Research Scientist, National Aeronautics And Space Administration Infrared Processing and Analysis Center Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology 

Low mass planets are more abundant than their massive counterparts. There are far more Earth-sized planets than bloated Jupiter-sized worlds. One in six stars hosts a Jupiter-mass planet. Half of the stars had Neptune-like planets, and two thirds of the stars have Earth-like planets.
“Our solar system is rare among the galaxy’s population of planetary systems because our star is not a red dwarf.” 
-John Johnson, Caltech.


3.)  Why is the subject of the articles important in astronomy? 

Two in three stars have Earth-like planets. This works out to 10 billion terrestrial planets across the galaxy. 17% of all planets are roughly the size of Earth. This means conditions to create these planets are common when stars are born, and Earths are relatively easy to make. 
“This is encouraging news for investigations into habitable planets.” 
-Stephen Kane, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Exoplanet Exploration Program, Caltech


1.)  Boyle, Rebecca. “Billions And Billions: Our Galaxy Has At Least 100 Billion Planets, Of Which 17 Billion Are Earthlike. http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/billions-and-billions-our-galaxy-has-least-100-billion-planets-plus-cornucopia-comets
2.)  California Institute of Technology. “100 Billion Planets May Populate The Galaxy”. Astrobiology Magazine, April 1, 2013. http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/5242/100-billion-planets-may-populate-the-galaxy
3.)  California Institute of Technology. “Astronomer Estimate That At Least 100 Billion Planets Populate The Galaxy”. Astronomy Magazine. Thursday January 3, 2013. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2013/01/astronomers-estimate-that-at-least-100-billion-planets-populate-the-galaxy
4.)  Calvin, Whitney. “Study Shows Our Galaxy Has At Least 100 Billion Planets”. California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 11, 2012. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-010 http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/micro20120111.html
5.)  Crepp, Justin, Fabrycky, Daniel; et al. “Characterizing The Cool Kois IV: Kepler-32 As A Prototype For The formation Of Compact Planetary Systems Throughout The Galaxy”. The Astrophysical Journal. December 31, 2012. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.0023.pdf
6.)  Dunbar, Brian. “Billions And Billions Of Planets”. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. January 3, 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler20130103.html#.U2tzRa1dVCN
7.)  Gayle, Damien. “Our Galaxy Contains 100 Billion Planets, New Study Claims (That Means There’s One For Every Star In The Sky): Analysis Only Includes Planets In Close Orbits Around Certain Kinds Of Stars—Meaning That Estimate Could Yet Be Doubled”. January 3, 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2256552/Our-galaxy-contains-100BILLION-planets-new-study-claims-means-theres-star-sky.html
8.)  Moyer, Michael. “Earth-Like Planets Fill The Galaxy”. Scientific American. January 8, 2013. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2013/01/08/earth-like-planets-fill-the-galaxy/
9.)  Plait, Phil. “Our Galaxy Is Crammed full Of Planets”. Slate. January 7, 2013. http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/01/07/alien_earths_new_study_indicates_there_are_billions_of_earth_sized_planets.html
10.)                 Sahu, Kailash and Vilard, Ray. “The Milky Way Contains At Least 100 Billion Planets According To Survey”. Space Telescope Science Institute. January 11, 2012. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/07/full/
11.)                 Space Telescope Science Institute. “The Milky Way Contains At Least 100 Billion Planets According To Survey: Results Indicate That, Statistically, Every Star In The Galaxy Should Have At Least One Planet, If Not More”. Astronomy Magazine. Tuesday January 17, 2012. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2012/01/the-milky-way-contains-at-least-100-billion-planets-according-to-survey  
12.)                 Woo, Marcus. “Planets Abound: Caltech-Led Astronomers Estimate That At Least 100 Billion Planets Populate The Galaxy”. California Institute of Technology. February 1, 2013. http://www.caltech.edu/content/planets-abound



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